What defines the nature of a recession?

The nature of a recession is defined by a fall in national economic activity over a set period, typically recognized as two consecutive quarters of declining GDP. During a recession, various economic indicators such as consumer spending, business investment, and overall economic growth show negative trends. This decline reflects a slowdown in economic processes, leading to lower consumer confidence, reduced business profits, and often, increased unemployment rates.

In contrast, the other options all describe phenomena that are typically associated with economic growth or stability rather than a recession. An increase in consumer goods production, a sustained increase in employment, and an increase in real estate values suggest a thriving economy, which is the opposite of what occurs during a recession. Therefore, the correct understanding of a recession centers around the decrease in economic activity, encapsulated in option C.